Concert “A” Pitch Since 1511
In modern times, just before a concert begins, an oboist or keyboard player
plays an "A" to which all other musicians check the tuning of their instruments.
In North America, most musicians use "A-440 as a basis for tuning.
Many Baroque and Early Music performers tune to A-415.
It's easy to take our modern, standardized concert "A" pitch for granted,
but as you can see from this chart, things were not always so uniform.
Earliest pitches determined from old organs and tuning forks.
(Listed in ascending order of pitch, lowest to highest)
(Hertz=vibrations per second)
Year |
Hertz |
Source |
1648 |
A - 403 |
M. Mersenne: spinet |
1762 |
408 |
Johann Matheson (cited in Grove Dictionary) |
1740 |
415 |
G. Silberman: tuning fork |
1751 |
423 |
George Frideric Handel: tuning fork |
1619 |
424 |
Michael Praetorius: 'church pitch' |
1823 |
428 |
Opera Comique, Paris |
1880 |
432 |
Italian Congress, Milan |
1859 |
435 |
French Government Commission Standard |
1885 |
435 |
Vienna International Conference Standard |
1939 |
440 |
Present Day U.S. Standard Pitch |
1834 |
440 |
J.H. Scheibler, Stuttgart |
1878 |
447 |
Vienna State Opera |
1879 |
452 |
British Army |
1874 |
455 |
Old Philharmonic Pitch, London |
1859 |
456 |
Viennese 'high pitch' |
1880 |
460 |
Old Austrian Military Pitch |
1511 |
504 |
A. Schlick 'high pitch' |
1636 |
504 |
M. Mersene 'church pitch' |
1636 |
563 |
M. Mersenne 'chamber pitch' |
1619 |
567 |
M. Praetorius 'church pitch' |
NOTE: "hertz" = vibrations per second |
Earliest pitches determined from old organs and tuning forks.
Source: New Groves Dictionary and various Public Domain reference sources
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